現在完了
現在完了の作り方
すべての動詞の現在完了は二つの要素から成ります：適切な助動詞 to have (現在時制)、プラス主動詞の過去分詞 。通常の動詞の過去分詞は基本形+ed、例 played, arrived, looked。不規則動詞は '動詞'セクションの不規則動詞の表 をご覧下さい。
| 肯定文 | ||
| 主語 | to have | 過去分詞 |
| She | has | visited. |
| 否定文 | ||
| 主語 | to have + not | 過去分詞 |
| She | has not (hasn't) | visited. |
| 疑問文 | ||
| to have | 主語 | 過去分詞 |
| Has | she | visited? |
| 否定疑問文 | ||
| to have + not | 主語 | 過去分詞 |
| Hasn't | she | visited? |
To Walk、現在完了
| 肯定文 | 否定文 | 疑問文 |
|---|---|---|
| I have walked | I haven't walked | Have I walked? |
| You have walked | You haven't walked. | Have you walked? |
| He, she, it has walked | He, she, hasn't walked | Has he, she, it walked? |
| We have walked | We haven't walked | Have we walked? |
| You have walked | You haven't walked | Have you walked? |
| They have walked | They haven't walked | Have they walked? |
現在完了の機能
現在完了は、現在と過去との繋がりを示すために使われます。この行動が起こった時は、今より前ですが特定されず、行動自体よりも結果 により興味があります。
注意! あなたの母国語に似た形の動詞時制があるかもしれませんが、おそらく異なったものでしょう。
現在完了は以下を述べる場合に使われます
- 過去に始まり、現在も続いている行動や状況。I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= 私はまだそこに住んでいる)
- まだ終わっていない期間に行なわれた行動。Shehas beento the cinema twice this week (= その週はまだ終わっていない)
- 過去と現在の間の不特定な期間に繰り返し行なわれる行動。We have visited Portugal several times.
- 'just'で表現される最近完了した行動。 I have just finished my work.
- 時間が重要でない行動。 He has read 'War and Peace'. (= 彼が読んだという結果が重要)
備考：: いつ、どこで、誰がといった詳細を与えたい場合は、単純過去形を使います。 現在完了形と単純過去形の使い分け方で詳細をご覧下さい。
過去に始まり現在も続いている行動
- They haven't lived here for years.
- She has worked in the bank for five years.
- We have had the same car for ten years.
- Have you played the piano since you were a child?
述べられた期間がまだ終わっていない時
- I have worked hard this week.
- It has rained a lot this year.
- We haven't seen her today.
過去と現在の不特定な期間に繰り返し行なわれる行動
- They have seen that film six times
- It has happened several times already.
- She has visited them frequently.
- We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
最近完了した行動(+just)
- Have you just finished work?
- I have just eaten.
- We have just seen her.
- Has he just left?
行動が起こった正確な時間が重要ではない、あるいはわからない時
- Someone has eaten my soup!
- Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
- She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.
現在完了形を "ever", "never", "already"や "yet"と一緒に使うや 現在完了形を "for" や "since"と一緒に使うをご覧下さい。