過去完了
学習テスト過去完了の機能
過去完了は、 今までより前を示します。過去にある出来事が別の出来事よりも前に起こったことを明確にします。 どちらが先に起こったのかは時制が明確にしますので、どちらの出来事を先に述べるかは重要ではありません。
以下の例では、出来事 Aが先に始まり、出来事B は二番目に起こったか、より最近に起こっています：
| 出来事A | 出来事 B |
| John had gone out | when I arrived in the office. |
| 出来事 A | 出来事 B |
| I had saved my document | before the computer crashed. |
| 出来事 B | 出来事 A |
| When they arrived | we had already started cooking. |
| 出来事 B | 出来事 A |
| He was very tired | because he hadn't slept well. |
過去完了の作り方
英語の過去完了形は二つの要素からできています： 動詞to haveの過去形 (had) + 主動詞の過去分詞
| 主語 | had | 過去分詞 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定文 | ||
| She | had | given |
| 否定文 | ||
| She | hadn't | asked. |
| 疑問文 | ||
| Had | they | arrived? |
| 否定疑問文 | ||
| Hadn't | you | finished? |
To decide、過去完了
| 肯定文 | 否定文 | 疑問文 |
|---|---|---|
| I had decided | I hadn't decided | Had I decided? |
| You had decided | You hadn't decided | Had you decided? |
| She had decided | She hadn't decided | Had she decided? |
| We had decided | We hadn't decided | Had we decided? |
| They had decided | They hadn't decided | Had they decided? |
過去完了 + just
'Just' が過去完了と一緒に使われると今よりほんの少し前の出来事を指します。例：
- The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
- She had just left the room when the police arrived.
- I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.